The Presentation Day is Coming!

It's going to be tomorrow. Oh My.. Even though there are so many presentations have been done since the degree years but the butterflies are still in my stomach until i finish my presentation. Preparation is so important before to handle our own mixed feelings and to ensure that everything will go smoothly. Lets take a look at some tips in preparing for a presentation~

SUMMARY 5: Data Analysis II- Quantitative Data

In this summary 5, it covers the topic on Quantitative data. There is also comparison between quantitative as well as qualitative data. In quantitative research the aim is to determine the relationship between one thing (an independent variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population. Quantitative research designs are either descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or experimental (subjects measured before and after a treatment). A descriptive study establishes only associations between variables. An experiment establishes causality.

    For an accurate estimate of the relationship between variables, a descriptive study usually needs a sample of hundreds or even thousands of subjects; an experiment, especially a crossover, may need only tens of subjects. The estimate of the relationship is less likely to be biased if the researcher has a high participation rate in a sample selected randomly from a population. In experiments, bias is also less likely if subjects are randomly assigned to treatments, and if subjects and researchers are blind to the identity of the treatments.

SUMMARY 4: Data Analysis I- Qualitative Data

This is my 4th summary. There are two types researches that a researcher should know in order to do a research, either qualitative or quantitative research. Both can help the researcher to plan and to guide his/her research better in order to get the best result for the research concern. Therefore, it is so important to understand the basic of qualitative research thus have the best idea regarding the types of qualitative research.


What is qualitative data? 


Qualitative methods are ways of collecting data which are concerned with describing meaning, rather than with drawing statistical inferences.  What qualitative methods (e.g. case studies and interviews) lose on reliability they gain in terms of validity.  They provide a more in depth and rich description.

SUMMARY 3: Instrumentation II- interviews, checklists, observations, etc.

The use of appropriate recording forms involve in gathering data for research purpose. These are called tools or instruments of data collection. They consist of observations, interviews and checklist. The tools of data collection translate the research objectives into specific items, the responses will provide the data required to achieve the research objectives. In order to achieve this purpose, each item must deliver to the respondent the ideas required by the research objectives, and each item must obtain a response which can be analysed for fulfilling the research objectives.

Information gathered through the tools provides descriptions of characteristics of individuals, institutions or other phenomena under study. It is useful for measuring the various variables pertaining to the study. The variables and their interrelationships are analysed for testing the hypothesis or for exploring the content areas set by the research objectives.

A brief description of the various tools of data collection is given below.

SUMMARY 2: Instrumentation 1- Questionnaires

The Instrumentation 1 consists of few important points to be discussed such as:

a) What are data?

b) Means of classifying data-collection instruments.

c) Examples of data collection instruments.

d) Norm-referenced versus criterion referenced instruments.

e) Measurement scales.

f) Preparing data for analysis.